.
Globalization and the issues of interdependence and interconnectedness make people perceive daily life in a new way. With the increasing number of international and interstate conflicts and crises, the civilian population has become the most disadvantaged: women, children, and elderly suffer. This is a reality for developing countries (failed and weak states) as well as the states with historic level of peace and security. Twenty years ago, Europe experienced the most terrible human tragedy after World War II—mass killings, assassinations, enormous refugee flows. The humanitarian catastrophe in the Balkan Peninsula posed new questions about the future of peace operations, i.e. the question of peace enforcement concept.
Peace enforcement, or "humanitarian intervention" might be considered as a modified armed conflict—it does not fit into the framework of the typical armed conflict. Such changes in the nature of military actions take place not so often. The definition of humanitarian intervention is clearly described in the work Peacekeeping and peacemaking: Towards effective intervention in post-Cold War conflicts (1998). Researchers from Great Britain Tom Woodhouse, Robert Bruce, and Malcolm Dando distinguish two types of humanitarian intervention. The first kind is “coercive humanitarian intervention” that is divided into “coercive military-forcible intervention” and “coercive non-military humanitarian intervention”. For the second type of humanitarian intervention, the researchers propose “non-coercive humanitarian intervention”, which includes peacemaking itself, assistance from foreign countries, and the support of international governmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations transnational corporations, and states. Here, it is very important that “state negotiators seek the best collective outcome, and are open to changing their beliefs and preferences at the table on their way to a reasoned consensus” (Risse and Kleine, 2010).
Nowadays, these kinds of peace operations have become a practice in the system of international relations and are used to prevent human rights violations and acts of violence against the civilian population. To respond to the changing nature of international environment, researchers have resorted to the modern multilateral approach. If the peace operation calls not only for the involvement of more components but also the cessation of activities of the warring party, the civilian component within the structure of the mission is necessary. The mission itself contains the formation of police structures, the development of the legal system with the independent and reliable provision of law enforcement including participation of public prosecutors and lawyers. In their turn, these factors entails social and economic development of the territory. Such integrated approach to implement stability in conflict regions considered as instable hotspots is called the 3D approach (Defense, Diplomacy, and Development). In fragile and weak states, 3D projects can finance police training programs, military forces training programs and even organization of peacekeeping mission at whole.
The other component of peacekeeping comprises policy to protect human rights justified as a part providing rule of law and stability that is essential. The interdependence between human rights, peace and security based on the concept “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) relates to the main factors. This concept refers that each state is responsible for the security of its own citizens. However, other countries may intervene if the state cannot or will not take on such responsibility. Thus, this principle requires from governments and states "to serve for its citizens", and the principle of sovereignty cannot be lost.
Despite the availability to implement peace-enforcement measures today, the international community has to address also different methods which contain 3D components and R2P. Even security concepts cannot be considered as a subject of a coalition confidence and defense, and the relationship between numerous aspects of the 3D approach shows a set of small actions which meets the definition of human security, in their turn. The events that happened in 1991-1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina show us today how fragile peace can be. Today the international community should undertake a lot of measures including the collaboration states, international governmental institutions, non-governmental actors, transnational companies, human beings to protect human rights, promote peace and stability.
About the author: Olga Smolenchuk is an Atlas Corps Fellow from Russia serving at Youth For Understanding (YFU) (Washington D.C., USA), PhD Fellow (Tomsk State University, Russia). Her research focuses on the topics of youth development, humanitarian affairs, and international peace and conflict resolution.
The views presented in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily represent the views of any other organization.
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Global Issues Cause Global Cooperation: Peacekeeping, 3D, R2P
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July 31, 2016
Globalization and the issues of interdependence and interconnectedness make people perceive daily life in a new way. With the increasing number of international and interstate conflicts and crises, the civilian population has become the most disadvantaged: women, children, and elderly suffer. This is a reality for developing countries (failed and weak states) as well as the states with historic level of peace and security. Twenty years ago, Europe experienced the most terrible human tragedy after World War II—mass killings, assassinations, enormous refugee flows. The humanitarian catastrophe in the Balkan Peninsula posed new questions about the future of peace operations, i.e. the question of peace enforcement concept.
Peace enforcement, or "humanitarian intervention" might be considered as a modified armed conflict—it does not fit into the framework of the typical armed conflict. Such changes in the nature of military actions take place not so often. The definition of humanitarian intervention is clearly described in the work Peacekeeping and peacemaking: Towards effective intervention in post-Cold War conflicts (1998). Researchers from Great Britain Tom Woodhouse, Robert Bruce, and Malcolm Dando distinguish two types of humanitarian intervention. The first kind is “coercive humanitarian intervention” that is divided into “coercive military-forcible intervention” and “coercive non-military humanitarian intervention”. For the second type of humanitarian intervention, the researchers propose “non-coercive humanitarian intervention”, which includes peacemaking itself, assistance from foreign countries, and the support of international governmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations transnational corporations, and states. Here, it is very important that “state negotiators seek the best collective outcome, and are open to changing their beliefs and preferences at the table on their way to a reasoned consensus” (Risse and Kleine, 2010).
Nowadays, these kinds of peace operations have become a practice in the system of international relations and are used to prevent human rights violations and acts of violence against the civilian population. To respond to the changing nature of international environment, researchers have resorted to the modern multilateral approach. If the peace operation calls not only for the involvement of more components but also the cessation of activities of the warring party, the civilian component within the structure of the mission is necessary. The mission itself contains the formation of police structures, the development of the legal system with the independent and reliable provision of law enforcement including participation of public prosecutors and lawyers. In their turn, these factors entails social and economic development of the territory. Such integrated approach to implement stability in conflict regions considered as instable hotspots is called the 3D approach (Defense, Diplomacy, and Development). In fragile and weak states, 3D projects can finance police training programs, military forces training programs and even organization of peacekeeping mission at whole.
The other component of peacekeeping comprises policy to protect human rights justified as a part providing rule of law and stability that is essential. The interdependence between human rights, peace and security based on the concept “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) relates to the main factors. This concept refers that each state is responsible for the security of its own citizens. However, other countries may intervene if the state cannot or will not take on such responsibility. Thus, this principle requires from governments and states "to serve for its citizens", and the principle of sovereignty cannot be lost.
Despite the availability to implement peace-enforcement measures today, the international community has to address also different methods which contain 3D components and R2P. Even security concepts cannot be considered as a subject of a coalition confidence and defense, and the relationship between numerous aspects of the 3D approach shows a set of small actions which meets the definition of human security, in their turn. The events that happened in 1991-1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina show us today how fragile peace can be. Today the international community should undertake a lot of measures including the collaboration states, international governmental institutions, non-governmental actors, transnational companies, human beings to protect human rights, promote peace and stability.
About the author: Olga Smolenchuk is an Atlas Corps Fellow from Russia serving at Youth For Understanding (YFU) (Washington D.C., USA), PhD Fellow (Tomsk State University, Russia). Her research focuses on the topics of youth development, humanitarian affairs, and international peace and conflict resolution.
The views presented in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily represent the views of any other organization.
